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Chronic heart failure(CHF)is the end-stage of cardiovascular diseases and one of the main causes of mortality.Despite advances in drug therapy and other treatments, quality of life remains poor in patients with CHF.Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation can improve quality of life in patients with CHF.The purpose of this review is to summarize the progress in exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in CHF patients and explore possible future research directions.
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It is urgent to establish a model of cardiovascular risk assessment.Pulse wave velocity(PWV),which is increased along with advancing age,high blood pressure,diabetes,and other traditional cardiovascular risks,could be used as a risk marker for global cardiovascular risk assessment.Carotid-femoral PWV has been widely applied in Western countries and used as a gold standard for arterial stiffness.However,carotid-femoral PWV has not been widely carried out in China,possibly because of methodological difficulties.Brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV)is simple,economical,non-invasive and easily repeatable,and many researches on baPWV have been widely studied in recent years.Many evidences have indicated that baPWV is positively and independently correlated with the most traditional cardiovascular risk factors and arteriosclerosis-detecting indexes.Moreover,the simultaneous evaluation of the ankle-brachial index(ABI)could allow further risk stratification of high-risk individuals,which is indispensable for the management of aged people with multiple risks and many vascular diseases.
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Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a serious threat to health of the elderly,and endothelial progenitor cells therapy-induced therapeutic angiogenesis can improve vascular reperfusion and functional recovery in ischemic myocardium.Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) therapy plays an important role in endothelial repair and postnatal angiogenesis.And the concept of EPC therapy has received attention.EPC population is decreased in numbers and in functional activity,which are correlated with age and cardiovascular risk factor.And patients with these backgrounds have less therapeutic benefit.In this review,we will focus on overview of the latest research progressions of characteristic of EPC in the elderly with IHD,and on current studies of EPC-based angiogenesis therapies for providing theoretical basis in the promising clinical treatment.
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the toxic effects of four different kinds of aluminum compounds in rat adrenal-derived pheochromocytoma cell PC12. METHODS: PC12 cells at logarithmic growth phase were treated with four different kinds of aluminum compounds: aluminum maltolate( concentration was 0. 0,0. 1,0. 2,0. 4,0. 8 mmol / L),aluminum chloride( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0 mmol/L),aluminum citrate( concentration was 0. 0,1. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0mmol / L) and aluminum lactate( concentration was 0. 0,2. 0,4. 0,8. 0,16. 0 mmol / L) for 24 hours,respectively. The cell viability was determined with CCK-8 assay,and the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS: All of the aluminum compounds suppressed the cell viability and increased apoptosis( P < 0. 01). Most of the effects were in a dose dependent manner. Comparing with the control,the minimum effective concentration of aluminum maltolate,aluminium chloride,aluminum citrate and aluminum lactate were 0. 2,2. 0,2. 0 and 4. 0 mmol / L,respectively,in cell viability( P < 0. 05); and 0. 1,2. 0,1. 0 and 2. 0 mmol/L in cell apoptosis( P < 0. 05). The 24 hours 50% inhibitory concentration of the above four aluminum compounds were( 0. 45 ± 0. 01),( 4. 02 ± 0. 39),( 5. 37 ± 0. 88) and( 6. 31 ±0. 58) mmol / L,respectively. CONCLUSION: Treatment of all four aluminum compounds had reduced cell viability and increased the percentage of cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner in PC12 cells. The best dose-response relation was observed in aluminum maltolate treatment group,and a relatively low dose of it was required in in-vitro toxicology study.Therefore,aluminum maltolate posed to be better reagent than the other three for in-vitro aluminum toxicity study.
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Objective To explore the effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the learning and memory of gestational and lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in rats offspring.Methods The PCB mixture (A1254,0,5,10,20 mg/kg body weight) was administered to pregnant wistar rats every 3 days by gavage from gestational day (GD) 5 to postnatal day (PND) 20.To assess the effects on offspring following such exposure,Morris water maze test was performed to assess the learning and memory ability.Calcium concentration was assayed in hippocampus and the ultramicro structure was observed.Results After training for four days,the escaping latency in every group decreased significantly compared with the first day,especially the control group,the results in the fourth day decreased significantly with the early three days(P＜0.05).The offsprings of the 10 and 20 mg/kg had prolonged time of passing the aim target ((5.23± 1.16) s,(7.90±3.21) s,(11.74±6.56) s and (20.83± 8.38) s ; P＜0.05),decreased number of crossing platform ((4.14± 1.21),(3.00± 1.32),(2.65± 1.13),(2.42± 1.31) ; P＜0.05) and swimming time in the target area ((40.14±7.14)s,(33.76±5.58)s,(32.45±6.00)s and (30.63±5.10) s; P＜0.05)compared with those of the rats of control and 5 mg/kg groups.The calcium concentration increased ((121.16± 12.23) nM,(141.27±24.66) nM,(163.32±29.75) nM,(261.46±27.79) nM) and the ultramicro structure in hippocampus changed obviously in the high exposure group.Conclusion Gestational and lactational exposure to aroclor 1254 in rats could affect the leaming and memory ability of offsprings.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of alveolar macrophages triggered by quartz dust.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-two healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, quartz dust group, quartz dust plus N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) group, and NAC group, with 18 rats in each group. One milliliter of sterile saline (for the control and NAC groups) or 1 ml of saline with 5%ultrafine quartz dust (for dust group and dust plus NAC group) was given to each rat by non-exposed endotracheal infusion. From the second day after dust infusion, rats in dust plus NAC group and NAC group received intragastric administration of NAC (100 mg/kg). In each week, the treatment with NAC lasted for 5 consecutive days, followed by 2 days' interval. For each group, 6 rats were randomly selected on the 14th, 28th, or 56th day after dust exposure; they were sacrificed by bloodletting from the femoral artery, and the lungs were collected. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to separate macrophages. The protein expression of caspase-12 in alveolar macrophages, the apoptosis rate and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of alveolar macrophages, and the protein carbonyl content of alveolar macrophages were determined by Western blot, flow cytometry, and colorimetry, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Increased protein expression of caspase-12, apoptosis rate, and content of ROS and protein carbonyl were discovered on the 14th day in the dust group, in comparison with the control group (P < 0.05), and the increase lasted till the 28th and 56th days. (P < 0.05). Compared with the dust group, the dust plus NAC group showed significant decreases in the content of ROS on the 14th, 28th, and 56th days (P < 0.05), significant decreases in the content of protein carbonyl on the 28th and 56th days (P < 0.05), and significant decreases in the protein expression of caspase-12 and apoptosis rate (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oxidative stress is potentially involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis of alveolar macrophages triggered by quartz dust. Oxidative damage of protein in the endoplasmic reticulum may play an important role in the process.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Caspase 12 , Metabolism , Dust , Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress , Macrophages, Alveolar , Pathology , Oxidative Stress , Protein Carbonylation , Quartz , Toxicity , Rats, Wistar , Reactive Oxygen Species , MetabolismABSTRACT
Objective To retrospectively analyze the relationship between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in senior patients. Methods The 859 male senior patients including 619 cases with BPH and 8 cases with MS were enrolled in this study, and there were 192 cases with both diseases and 40 controls. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured. The body mass index (BMI), prostate volume and annual prostate growth rate were determined or calculated. The correlations of BPH with other metabolic risk factors were analyzed. Results The levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body weight, BMI, TG and FPG were higher (t=6.15, 5.99, 13.12, 15.56, 10.63 and 9.94, all P＜0.01), while serum HDL-C level was lower (t=-7.57,P＜0.01) in BPH patients with MS than without MS. As the number of components of MS was increased, the prostate volume was increased (F=2.98, P=0.031). As the age, body weight, BMI, SBP and PG were increased, the prostate volume was increased (t=-6.39,-2.39,-2.36,-2.13,-25.85,all P＜0.05). Spearman analysis showed that prostate volume was positively correlated with age, SBP, body weight, BMI and hypertension (r=0.229, 0.079, 0.090, 0.089 and 0.088, all P＜0.05). And age, body weight and SBP were the independent risk factors for BPH (OR=1.07, 1.03 and 1.34, all P＜0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrates a relationship between BPH and MS in senior patients. Future studies are needed to confirm our results and to explain underlying mechanisms.
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Objective To study the influence of arachidonic acid (AA) on L-type calcium channel in rabbits sin-gle cardiomyocyte and its mechanism of antiarrhythmia. Method The single ventricular cardiomyocyte was isolat-ed by using enzyme dispersion method and whole-cell clamp-patch technique was used to record L-type calcium current.All data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results AA inhibited Ica-L in a concentration-dependent manner. The application of 3 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L and 20 μmol/L arachidonic acid reduced the density of peak Ica-L from (10.79±0.93)pA/pF to (8.99±0.43)pA/pF to (7.60±0.35)pA/pF and to (5.60±0.30)pA/pF, respctive-ly (n=7, P<0. O1 ). The Ica-Lpartially resumed after washout. The AA up-shifted the I-V curves of Ica-L without changes of their shape,peak and reverse potentials. The AA also markedly shifted the inactivation curve to left, and prolonged the recorvery time from inactivation,but did not change the curve of calcium channel activation. Con-clustions By acceleration of L-type calcium channel inactivation and prolongation of recorvery time from inactiva-fion,arachidonic acid can reduce the calcium ion influe and prolong effective refractory period, playing the role of antiarrhythmia.
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ObjectiveTo investigate clinical characteristics and perioperative management of abdominal aortic aneurysm in elderly patients. MethodsThe clinical data of 24 patients aged 60 years and over with abdominal aortic aneurysm in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively. ResultsThe average age was 75.5 years and the proportion of male and female was 5 : 1. The course of disease was 2 days to 15 years and the median course was 2.8 months. 17 patients were complicated with hypertension, 5 patients with coronary heart disease, 4 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 3 patients with chronic bronchitis, 2 patients with lacunar cerebral infarction, 3 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture, 13 patients with endovascular stent grafts, 10 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm resection and artificial vascular replacement, 1 patient with endovascular stent grafts, endarterectomy of right femoral artery and right deep femoral artery,right deep femoral artery plasty and the application of artificial blood vessel in right femoro-popliteal arterial bypass. Postoperative complications happened in 15 cases (62.5%, 15/24) and the postoperative mortality rate was 20.8%.ConclusionsThe elderly patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm are always complicated with manyother chronic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease , diabetes mellitus, chronicbronchitis. The operation for abdominal aortic aneurysm in elderly patients has high risk. Reasonablesurgical procedure and active perioperative management are the key for successful treatment.
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The effect of atorvastatin on warfarin-induced aortic medial calcification and systolic blood pressure (SBP) of rats induced by warfarin was studied. Thirty healthy and adult rats were randomly divided into Warfarin group (n=10), Atorvastatin group (n=10) and normal control group (n=10). Caudal arterial pressure of rats was measured once a week, and 4 weeks later, aorta was obtained. Elastic fiber, collagen fiber and calcium accumulation in tunica media of cells were measured by Von Kossa staining. The results showed that warfarin treatment led to elevation of systolic blood pressure and aortic medial calcification. The chronic treatment also increased collagen, but decreased elastin in the aorta. However, the atorvastatin treatment had adverse effects. It was concluded that treatment with atorvastatin presented evidence of blood pressure lowing and calcification reducing. These data demonstrate that atorvastatin protected aortic media from warfarin-induced calcification and elevation of systolic blood pressure.
Subject(s)
Aortic Diseases/chemically induced , Aortic Diseases/drug therapy , Aortic Diseases/pathology , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Calcinosis/chemically induced , Calcinosis/drug therapy , Calcinosis/pathology , Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology , Heptanoic Acids/therapeutic use , Hypertension/chemically induced , Hypertension/drug therapy , Pyrroles/pharmacology , Pyrroles/therapeutic use , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , WarfarinABSTRACT
Objective To work out a proper treatment regimen for hypertension in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Sixty-five elderly patients 〔aged (68.3?4.4) yrs old〕 with hypertension and type 2 diabetes were randomized into three arms of antihypertensive treatment: arm A, n=20, treated with nifedipine in long-acting gastrointestinal-transport system (nifedipine-GITS) 60 mg/d; arm B, n=22, treated with nifedipine-GITS 30 mg/d and valsartan (angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blocker, ARB) 80mg/d; and arm C, n=23, treated with nifedipine-GITS 30mg/d, Valsartan 80mg/d and sustained-releasing indapamide (diuretics)1.5 mg/d. Results Eight weeks later, both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were decreased significantly in all of the patients ( P
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One hundred and sixteen senile patients (older than 65 years) with chronic heart failure (CHF) were analyzed retrospectively in order to verify if old patients with CHF would benefit from long-term (one year) angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment. The frequency of drugs (including ACEI, digitalis and diuretic) used was stratified into four degrees accordingly. Development of the CHF was scored with regard to relapse rate and severity of this disease. Stepwise regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between the scored outcome of CHF and the frequency of individual drug administration. A significant relationship of the scored outcome of CHF to the frequency of ACEI usage but not to digitalis nor to diuretics was found (partial coefficient of the correlation r = 0.42, P = 0.002). It was concluded that the long-term administration of ACEI improves the outcome of CHF in senile patients.
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Chronic Disease , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Heart Failure/etiology , Hypertension/complications , Myocardial Ischemia/complications , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
One hundred and sixteen senile patients (older than 65 years) with chronic heart failure (CHF) were analyzed retrospectively in order to verify if old patients with CHF would benefit from long-term (one year) angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) treatment. The frequency of drugs (including ACEI, digitalis and diuretic) used was stratified into four degrees accordingly. Development of the CHF was scored with regard to relapse rate and severity of this disease. Stepwise regression analysis was applied to explore the relationship between the scored outcome of CHF and the frequency of individual drug administration. A significant relationship of the scored outcome of CHF to the frequency of ACEI usage but not to digitalis nor to diuretics was found (partial coefficient of the correlation r = 0.42, P = 0.002). It was concluded that the long-term administration of ACEI improves the outcome of CHF in senile patients.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Chronic Disease , Heart Failure , Drug Therapy , Hypertension , Myocardial Ischemia , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
AIM: To study the influence of arachidonic acid(AA) on the action potential and L-type calcium current in rabbit cardiomyocytes.METHODS: Single ventricular myocyte was isolated using enzyme dispersion method.Whole-cell clamp-patch technique was used to record action potential and L-type calcium current.RESULTS: ① AA shortened action potential duration obviously,without marked effect on the resting potential and action potential amplitude.② AA reduced the current densities from(10.21?3.15)PA/PF to(6.53?2.17)PA/PF(n=6,P